Chinese Yokai
In the rich tapestry of Eastern folklore, the introduction of Chinese Yokai, known as Yaoguai(妖怪), weaves a distinct narrative when compared to their Japanese counterparts, the Yokai. While sharing a semblance in their supernatural essence, these entities diverge in several intriguing facets.
Linguistically, the disparity lies in the terms themselves: “Yokai” denotes an enigmatic apparition in Japan, while “Yaoguai” embodies an enticing demon in China.
Visually, the contrast is stark; Japanese Yokai exhibit whimsical, often cartoonish forms, while Chinese Yaoguai adopt a more somber, realistic guise and are often associated with human possession. Culturally, Yokai are entrenched in Japanese society, familiar to many, while Yaoguai’s presence remains less widespread beyond China’s borders.
Moreover, their roles diverge; Yokai lean towards mischievousness but benign intent, even offering protection, whereas Yaoguai are perceived as malevolent, posing threats to human safety.
Within these distinctions lies a tapestry of supernatural lore, highlighting the nuanced variations between these captivating entities in their respective cultural landscapes.
TaoTie/饕餮: More Than a Chinese Mythical Beast
Introduction to Taotie
Taotie is a mysterious creature in Chinese mythology. Its name translates to “gluttonous ogre” and is often associated with insatiable greed. Taotie’s depiction is primarily found on ritual bronze vessels from the Shang and Zhou dynasties, where it is characterized by a symmetrical, zoomorphic face, often without a lower jaw.
2. Historical Context
Origin and Evolution: The origins of Taotie remain unclear, but it is thought to have evolved from earlier totemic symbols.
The Obstinate Rock of Nanshan
In Haichang(海昌), there was a scholar named Chen(陳秀才某) who once visited the Yusu Temple(于肅愍廟) to seek dreams and divine the fortunes of his future. In his dream, Yusu opened the main gate to receive him, but instead of feeling at ease, Chen became restless. After a few steps, he stopped. Yusu said, ‘You are to be my future student, so according to protocol, you should enter through the main gate.’ Once settled, messengers arrived to report that the City God of Tangxi County(湯溪縣城隍) wished to see him.
Zheng/猙
In the mountains, there is a beast called 猙(Zheng). It looks like a red leopard, with five tails and one horn. It makes a sound like the sound of striking stones.
《山海經·西次三經》
又西二百八十裏,曰章莪之山,無草木,多瑤、碧。所為甚怪。有獸焉,其狀如赤豹,五尾一角,其音如擊石,其名如猙。
Huan/讙
Tu Lou/土螻
Ju Fu/舉父
舉父(Ju fu) looks like a monkey. It has markings on its arms, a tail like a leopard, and is good at jumping. It has a habit of stroking its own head. It can pick up stones and throw them. Even tigers and leopards are afraid of it.
《山海經·西山經》
有獸焉,其狀如禺而文臂,豹虎而善投,名曰舉父。
LeiShen/雷神: The Deity of Thunder in Chinese Mythology
In Chinese mythology, in the Lei Ze(The lake of thunder), there lived a thunder god. This god of thunder had a dragon-like body and a human head. If he slapped his abdomen, he would make a thunderclap.
雷澤中有雷神,龍身而人頭,鼓其腹。在吳西。
《山海經 海內東經》
TianMa/天馬: Named Sky Horse But In Fact a Dog
天馬(Tianma/Sky Horse) is a beast there whose shape is like a white dog with a black head. When it sees a person, it flies away.
又東北二百裏,曰馬成之山,其上多文石,其陰多金玉,有獸焉,其狀如白犬而黑頭,見人則飛,其名曰天馬
《山海經·北山經》
GuDiao/蠱雕: A Man-Eating Eagle
In the water, there is a beast called 蠱雕 (Gu diao). Its shape is like a eagle, and it has a horn on its head. Its sound is like a crying baby, and it eats people.
又東五百裏,曰鹿吳之山,上無草木,多金石。澤更之水出焉,而南流註於滂水。水有獸焉,名曰蠱雕,其狀如雕而有角,其音如嬰兒之音,是食人。
《山海經 南次二經》